Economy in Virginia free essay sample

Emphasis will be on reading, with Cambridge Latin Course Units II ND Ill as our primary resources. We will also continue cultural studies begun in Latin l. The focus will be on the Roman colonies in Britain and Egypt, with special focus on military installations and the cities of Alexandria and Aqua Sulks (modern day Bath, England). There will also be lessons on Roman history and the relevant myths and legends surrounding these locations. Grading Your grade will be mostly based on the following things: exams; quizzes; and homework.Homework: There will typically be two at-home assignments, minimum, per chapter. These are to be turned in the next meeting day. Once per quarter, a dent may be late turning in an assignment; they may turn it in at the next meeting day for 50% credit. Once a student has used this, they will not get credit for a missing assignment for the rest of the quarter. We will write a custom essay sample on Economy in Virginia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Homework assignments are worth 10 points each. Quizzes: For each chapter there will be two quizzes. The first will be on day 3 of the lesson and will be on the chapter vocabulary.The second will be on day 5 of the lesson and will be on the chapter grammar and culture. Quizzes are worth 100 points each; I take the average of the actual points on the quiz to reach that score. If you receive a score of 75 or lower on a quiz, you may sake corrections on it for partial points; corrections are due the next class after quizzes are returned. Exams: Exams will occur at the end of the 1st and 2nd semesters. They will be comprehensive for the entire semester ONLY (so your 2nd semester exam is comprehensive of just the 2nd semester, not the whole year).They consist of questions on vocabulary and grammar, as well as charts and sentences to translate. Exams are worth 200 points. Us applies Laptop as much as possible, students will be using their laptops for annotating and activities. Vocabulary lists and note packets for each chapter ill be stored and used in Endnote, as will homework. These need to be maintained all year (and really, for their whole Latin career). Students need this in class every day.Textbook -? our textbook is a resource for information and activities, so you need to bring it with you every day. Expectations Be on time: You need to be in the room before the bell rings. If you arena, you need to have a note with you (note from a previous teacher, nurse slip) or will mark you tardy in attendance. Be on task: If we are taking notes, take notes. If we are doing class work, do class work. If we are having a discussion, join with us. And remember, this is Latin class don t be reading or doing work for another class.Be prepared: Have your supplies for class in hand when you walk in the door. I will not release you to get them during class. Be ready to learn: If you come in positive and enthusiastic, youre going to have a great class. If you come in negative and turned off, youre going to have a bad class. Either way, your attitude is infectious. If something going on that can affect you having a great class or a bad class, let me know and well talk about it and whats the best thing to do. Be honest: I take academic dishonesty very seriously.Things that fall under academic dishonesty include (but are not limited to): plagiarism (using material not your own in a way that makes it seem that it is your own); personal cheating (using resources such as vocabulary lists or notes in situations where you know you arent allowed access to them); copying off of others; using resources that do work for you (e. G. Google Translate). If see that you are being academically dishonest in anyway, you will receive a O for the assignment and I will call home. Will also report it to the office, where they will follow up with you as well. (see http:// onetime 83 for full details)

A Look At Puritanism Vs Deism Religion Essay Essay Example

A Look At Puritanism Vs Deism Religion Essay Paper In the 17th and 18th centuries, spiritual beliefs become the chief point of focal point in Europe and in the new universe. The first issues with faith trade with Catholicism and Protestantism ; British Catholics became wary of the way of Catholics motivations, so they decide to interrupt off into a new subdivision of Christianity: Protestantism. One of the new major subdivisions of Christianity is Puritanism which contains ties of Calvinism in its nucleus. Puritans make their ain regulations and make up ones mind to pattern Christianity the manner God intended: attempting to sublimate the Church. For Puritans, the Bible is the lone manner to pattern and its guidelines must be obeyed daily. Four cardinal beginnings track the lives and escapades of John Winthrop, Michael Wigglesworth, John Dane, and Mary Rowlandson. No other possible faith sprouted in people s heads until Boston bore a adult male named Benjamin Franklin in 1706 who challenges Puritanism wholly with his Deist beliefs. When Franklin turns nineteen, he publishes his religion to the universe in his Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain. These new ideas spread around the new universe and get down making a seed of uncertainty in people s caputs about their faith. In 1725, Benjamin Franklin promotes a new faith that is widely different from the traditional Puritan position based on his positions of God and the Universe. We will write a custom essay sample on A Look At Puritanism Vs Deism Religion Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on A Look At Puritanism Vs Deism Religion Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on A Look At Puritanism Vs Deism Religion Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Section two of Ben Franklin s Dissertation discusses pleasance, hurting, and the absence of an hereafter. Section two explicitly provinces pain and pleasure balance each other out throughout life finally go forthing everything on an even keel: Pain is equally balanced by pleasance and hence there is no demand to conceive of an hereafter ( Franklin 27 ) . Franklin views decease as the terminal of the route with an absence of an hereafter. He says, Even if there is an hereafter, there could be no memory of earthly existenceaˆÂ ¦so it could do no difference to us ( Franklin 27 ) . This thought parallels his proposal depicting a babe s degree of consciousness ; Franklin believes babies are non witting of their ain being until the babe feels pain for the first clip. The edginess that babes experience is relative to the pleasance they feel every bit good. For case, if Franklin creates a expression of pleasance and hurting it would look as such: Pleasure + Pain = 0. Similar to equi librium, Franklin believes in pure balance: The Pain of Labour and Fatigue causes the Pleasure of Rest, equal to that Pain ( Franklin, 28 ) . Franklin tungsten raps up his statement by claiming every adult male and adult female experience an equal sum of pleasance and hurting so that in the hereafter, God is non required to do any other accommodations. Since there is balance, hereafter does non be or hold any important importance in world. Puritans, contrary to Franklin s positions, believe people are of course evil animals and necessitate to be guided by authorization. John Winthrop, a seventeenth century frequent incumbent governor of Massachusetts, declares that civil freedom is the most right autonomy under God. The first type of autonomy, natural, is evil by nature and incorrect under the eyes of God: The exercising and maintaining of this autonomy makes work forces turn more evil and in clip to be worse than brute beastsaˆÂ ¦This [ sort of autonomy ] is that great enemy of truth and peace ( Winthrop, 1 ) . Winthrop s positions of autonomy and Puritanism are evidently different from what Franklin believes. Franklin believes worlds are of course good and can make no evil when Winthrop believes people are born evil and need to be monitored. Winthrop says Puritans must follow civil autonomies because they are merely and what God intended. This autonomy symbolizes the compact between God and adult male in the m oral jurisprudence. Winthrop says specifically this autonomy comes from Jesus to do us free to idolize him: Such is the autonomy of the church under the authorization of Christ ( Winthrop, 1 ) . Puritans unrecorded and dice for the civil autonomies of Christ and genuinely believe in his powers to command us. John Dane in his narrative, A Declaration of Remarkable Providences in the Course of My life, exemplify and turn out the beliefs of all Puritans after he refuses the sexual comfort of a lady and gives the recognition to God: I thank God I neer yet knew [ sexually ] any but those two married womans God gave meaˆÂ ¦God taketh attention of us when we take no attention of ourselves ( Dane, 8 ) . In Dane s eyes, the civil autonomies of the settlement allowed him to avoid wickedness. This same illustration arises in Mary Rowlandson s narrative when she refuses an offering of baccy and raps herself on the dorsum: I thank God, he has now given me power over it ( Rowlandson, 18 ) . These illustrations show the important differences between Deists and Purists, for the Deists believe they can make good Acts of the Apostless themselves but the Purists believe God allowed them to make good workss and trials them. Another faithful Puritan, Michael Wigglesworth, known for his verse form about Hell, The Day of Doom, opposes Franklin s positions sing the absence of an hereafter and the ability to move morally. As described earlier, Franklin believes an hereafter is wholly false under the eyes of Deism. Franklin says an hereafter shall non even be considered because it makes no difference ; if our earthly experience will non be recalled the hereafter is merely irrelevant. However, Wigglesworth strongly believes in an hereafter. After reading the transition, he apparently merely cares to state everybody they are traveling to Hell someday: Traveling to Hell will be those who were non able to acquire or understand this offer of redemption ( Wigglesworth, 4 ) . Everyone who is non a Puritan or non predestined to Heaven is traveling to hell. He elaborates and specifies the hapless psyches: the mentally retarded will travel to Hell, Indians are destined for Hell, and eventually babes who are non pre destined for redemption will stop up in Hell. This transition reiterates the Puritan thought that people are born evil and can non alter based on their ain virtue. In this twenty-four hours and age, it is highly hard to convert person you are saved and most of the clip ends up really backlashing, converting the individual you are in fact condemned. The differences between Puritanism and Deism continue to originate throughout the journeys of two of import Puritans. Mary Rowlandson s narrative, A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson, describes Mary s escapade through imprisonment with the Native Americans and how she believes God has chosen her for redemption wholly standing on the other side of the spectrum of Franklin. The Indians gaining control Mary and one of her kids and subsequently give her a Bible. She takes this as an act of God alternatively of merely a pure happenstance: I can non but take notice of the fantastic clemency of God to me in those afflictions, in directing me a Bible ( Rowlandson 17 ) . Where Deists believe these act by the Indians merely act to function a greater good in their persons lives, Puritans think God tests them and chooses them for redemption. Puritans believe persons destined for redemption must be battled tried, but Deists barely believe in an hereafter and decidedly believe the actions on Earth do non ensue in effect after decease. Rowlandson persuades herself to believe th ese are Acts of the Apostless of God by mentioning her brushs to specific tests in the Bible including her trip down the river: Psalm 137:1, By the rivers of Babylon, there we saw down, yeah, we wept when we remembered Zion ( Rowlandson 18 ) . In Rowlandson s head, God tests her and chooses her for redemption. This observation additions strength when Rowlandson quotes Hebrews and relates it to her life: Heb. Twelve 6, For whom the Lord loveth he chastened, and scourgeth every Son who he receiveth ; but now I see the Lord had his clip to scourge and chastise me ( Rowlandson, 20 ) . Unlike Deists, Rowlandson sees herself as evidently chosen to travel to Heaven familiarising herself with Winthrop, Dane, and Wigglesworth. John Dane, the concluding Puritan with a life altering narrative besides believes God tests him throughout his life to beef up his religion in Him, but one time once more contradicts Franklin s Deist beliefs. When Dane is a immature male child, he runs off from his house because he believes his male parent attempts to command him excessively much. However, as Dane fled his place, his ma said something that changes his life everlastingly, Travel where you will, God he will happen you out ( Dane, 7 ) . During this period in Dane s life, he does non see the Acts of the Apostless of God but alternatively sees the actions as his ain good psyche. A few hebdomads subsequently, a wasp stings Dane twice in the exact same topographic point in a hebdomad s period. As the WASP stings Dane, H2O and blood came out of it which represents Christ s actions in his head. Immediately, Dane remembers the words his female parent said to him as he ran off, so to Dane this as a mark from God. Finally, a Bible was on his parents tabular array at place and he opened it to a page that changed his religion: Come out from among them, touch no dirty thing, and I will be your God and you shall be my people ( Dane, 11 ) . This quotation mark opposes the Deist point of position ; Deists do non utilize the Bible hence do non purchase into the prognostications told throughout the testament. Deists besides do non idolize contrary to the Puritans. However, Dane sees this as another mark from God to alter his religion and give himself to Christ. He eventually believes he can be saved. Finally, after measuring faithful Puritans and up and coming Deists, the differences between the two faiths stick out to readers. Obviously, Franklin has the desire to wholly interrupt away from the train of idea of the rigorous Puritans to make a more loose rational type of faith. The actions, words, and beliefs of Purists and Deists show the surmounting differences between the two faiths.

The President Makes Grammatical Errors Too! Tenet vs. Tenant and Obamas Tucson Speech

The President Makes Grammatical Errors Too! Tenet vs. Tenant and Obamas Tucson Speech I got an email from my friend Seth Nowak on January 13, 2011 reporting, â€Å"Obama said ‘tenent’ in his speech last night.   One term president.† The speech to which Seth was referring is the moving, poignant speech Obama delivered following the shooting rampage in Tucson.   Obviously Seth was joking to me, The Essay Expert, that a small error like mixing up â€Å"tenet† with â€Å"tenant† would affect (not effect) Obama’s approval rating. Just a few days before, I had corrected Seth when he said â€Å"tenent† (or â€Å"tenant† he was speaking not writing, so I can’t be sure) when he meant â€Å"tenet.†Ã‚   Thus he could not help but notice Obama’s slip of tongue. To clarify, â€Å"tenet† means â€Å"any opinion, principle, doctrine, dogma, etc., esp. one held as true by members of a profession, group, or movement.† A tenant, on the other hand, is a person, a group of persons, or an entity occupying a space, usually a rental space (my definition). â€Å"Tenent† is not a word in modern English, though in the interests of full disclosure, it is listed on dictionary.com as â€Å"Obs.† (Obsolete).   It does not appear anywhere in the dictionary on my shelf, Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary (copyright 1987, the year I headed to college – and if that’s not obsolete, I don’t know what is). Obama’s spoken sentence was as follows: â€Å"They were fulfilling a central tenant[sic] of the democracy envisioned by our founders.† The transcriber was kind to our President.   The text â€Å"tenant[sic]† does not appear in the transcription; instead, the official version in The New York Times reads, â€Å"They were fulfilling a central tenet.† The day before Obama’s speech, I had put â€Å"tenant/tenet† on my list of Top 10 Grammatical Errors of 2011 (scheduled for publication in December 2011).   Why?   Because inside of one week in January, not including Obama’s speech, I heard â€Å"tenant† used incorrectly twice: once by Seth as reported above, and once in a draft of a law school application essay.   I won’t quote that essay here for reasons of confidentiality, but here’s an example of a sentence in a draft law school application essay I received a year ago: â€Å"The general tenants of my thesis was that developing a national childcare system would contribute to the economy and better the lives of all Canadians.† This sentence has two problems:   First, she meant â€Å"tenet†; and second, even if â€Å"tenants† were correct, the verb â€Å"was† is singular whereas â€Å"tenants† is plural.   This client was not accepted into any Canadian law schools, despite the fact that her errors were corrected.   She did get accepted in England. The moral of the story:   If you want to get into law school, or be elected for a second term, get straight about the difference between â€Å"tenet† and â€Å"tenant.†Ã‚   I understand that â€Å"n† sound just wants to come out somehow, but try to keep it in check. So what do you think?   One term or two?   Perhaps that’s really the important question here.

Non Profit Interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Non Profit Interview - Essay Example These most important, full-service healthiness care distributors are accountable for making sure that billions of components of prescription are securely distributed to the representatives of retail pharmacies, treatment habitats, treatment centers and contributors in all 50 states. HDMA together with the associates are the essential connection in the healthcare scheme that is accountable for medication security, excellence, reliability and accessibility within the market. In the course of management on public guiding principle and industry best performance, the organization together with its member's center on providing worth, eliminating expenses and increasing inventive resolution to bring care carefully and efficiently. In this particular work, we are going to major in the roles and the contribution of the organization to the society, this will be as regard to the interviews that were carried out in the organization. It will mainly focus on the views of the interviewees and will be based on their organization together with their roles in the society. These organizations are placed in the society strategically so as to have a positive impact in the community. Within the interview carried out, one of the interviewee, Tirza Niemann says that the sectors are established so that it can enable the adult to obtain education (Hodgkinson pg 255). This is as they do provide the facilities of the education within their organization. This is seen among the members of the meetings, marketing and education section in the healthcare organization found in the Washington D.C in the metro area. With this, it is clear that other than just distributing the health care products to the retailers, the organization also has a section from which they have organized to at least provide education to the adults. This is the type of the education that is given to the individuals of whom were late for their studies in their respective stages. Thus, the organization facilitates their progression of the education in such a manner that they are either full or p artially sponsored to pursue with their education in their respective stages and fields. This is usually done by the use of the seminars or even webinars. Other than giving the financially disabled people the opportunity to proceed with their education, they also offer some of the training to the ones of whom are not good in the paper works. With this, they do provide the technical trainings such as the mechanics or the tailoring training for the ones who did not qualify for their next stage but rather they need something that will help them to attain their living. According to Linda Coporaletti Hoyt who is a director in the administration and human resource section in the HDMA organization, says that the non profit sector is entitled to expose the members of whom worker in the organization in such away that they can be able to perform in any field that it is represented to them. To attain this, the members in the organization are forced to volunteer some of their time to participate in the committee organized by the organization. Other than that, the organization are set to ensure that the members in the society are well enlightened with the commodity that they are providing to them as this will enable

Qualitative Review on Psychological Intervention for Young People Research Paper

Qualitative Review on Psychological Intervention for Young People Living with HIV - Research Paper Example It aims to clarify and explicate the necessity of emotional and psychological intervention these young survivors of HIV to provide them meaningful life and motivation to undertake medical services and support to keep them living while bearing this health problem. It will illustrate how psychosocial intervention is provided to share hope for these children and teens, as well as, make them better persons despite everything. This is a qualitative review on psychosocial intervention for young people living with HIV, a transmissible disease that can infect a person through sexual contact or by other means known to many physicians. Researched materials generally used and employed survey, interviews and secondary materials in their studies to support and explicate the conditions of young populace living with HIV. This study is limited and focused only to young people living with HIV, thus, consider only the plight of children and teens. Kumar, Mmari, and Barnes (2012) pointed that there are already 1.7 billion young people within the age bracket of 10 to 24 years in the world that are infected with HIV disease and about 85% of them are living in developing countries. Kumar et al (2012) reported that the mortality rate of HIV infected persons are 3% and most of them reduced their chance of survival at the age of 60 in countries with high percentile of HIV-infected population. Nowadays, young people are the fastest-growing cohort of new HIV infections globally reaching about 40% of new HIV-infected people in 2007 (Kumar et al, 2012). There are about 5 million young people that are nowadays living with HIV and there are an estimated 5,000 youths aging 15 and 24 years that are infected everyday (Kumar et al, 2012). These global figures likely underestimate the total burden of HIV borne by young people, as there has been no systematic evaluation of the numbers of youth who are long-term survivors of perinatal infection. New evidence and estimations of HIV’s effect o n child mortality bared that about 13% of perinatally infected children can only survive up to the age of 10 years. But noting that the global interventions of prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) programs has just been recently introduced in high-risk countries, it is always possible that cohort may contribute significantly to the increasing number of youths living with HIV. Albeit the rigorous efforts for HIV prevention, however the incessant sexuality and the social nature of all persons can increase the numbers of youth living with HIV. HIV-infected persons have dire needs for psychosocial support knowing that this can cause social stigma and can evoke innate anger or shock after being diagnosed positive thereof (AVERTing HIV & Aids, 2012). Relation with immediate families and friends will be altered, thus limits their social nature and level of interactions. Psychosocial therapy for HIV-infected persons can bring about positive outcome. Experts posit that this can help enhance a survivor response to health service; strengthen his behaviour while exercising preventive measures; and, mitigate the possibility that extreme depression may result into suicidal tendencies (AVERTing HIV & Aids, 2012). In a survey conducted by researchers in United States, psychosocial intervention was mentioned many times perceived as the most helpful measure that could help them live with HIV, especially as they progress their lives with

Packet Scheduling Algorithms Literature

Packet Scheduling Algorithms Literature Abstract- This paper discusses two selected research papers that proposes two different packet scheduling algorithms that focuses on promoting higher throughput and fairness. The two algorithms are Modified Packet Prediction Mechanism algorithm which is a revised version of the current packet prediction mechanism algorithm and the second is prioritized fairness packet Scheduling algorithm. Chapter 1 Introduction Mobile communication has come a long way and has been through multiple generations. Starting from a mere mobile radio telephone used in the old ages to sending text based messages and now fourth generation long term evolution supporting devices which are capable of streaming high bitrate videos, providing us with richer content and more connections at faster rates just from our handy mobile devices. Long term evolution structure adequately utilizes the assets by dynamically scheduling the frequency and the time space of users. And that is possible through long term evolution downlink scheduling which is accountable for the allotment of radio resources mutually throughout mobile devices. Implementing packet scheduling is crucial as it effects the performance by assigning radio resources suitably. 1.1 Problem Statement As the usage of mobile data, online mobile gaming, video streaming and other online applications started to grow, the delivery of packets, data transmission and speed has to be improved. While this is possible through the introduction of long term evolution, the quality and capability to has to be improvised by achieving high throughput connectivity which equates to successful data transmission and also fairness, for improving the distribution of the signal. Implementing a downlink scheduling algorithm is sensitive as if takes into effect the throughput, fairness, rate conditioning and so on. Among them, each has its own perks and features but newly or modified algorithm are being proposed and implemented periodically. As such, the modified packet prediction mechanism algorithm is proposed in order that through simulation has proved to perform better in terms of throughput and fairness. Also submitted is the prioritized fairness packet scheduling algorithm with the improvements in. Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1 Mobile Network During the earlier decades, facilitating limited services like voice call is the main focus in developing mobile networks. Additional services like short message service was introduced by Global System for Mobile Communication. The craving of user in using mobile internet is the main motivation in development of Universal Mobile Telecommunication System, Enhanced Data rates for Global System for Mobile Communication Evolution known as EDGE and finally, General Packet Radio Services. In 1980, the first-generation analog cellular technology Advanced Mobile Phone Service in short form known as AMPS were introduced. Advanced Mobile Phone Service uses distinct channels or frequencies for every Frequency Division Multiple Access. Therefore, it cause Advanced Mobile Phone Service required huge bandwidth for a higher number of consumer. Second Generation offers digitally encrypted voice data and effective usage of available bandwidth. Short message service was introduced in this generation as a form of data services. Global System for Mobile Communication cellular technology is the foundation for other basis cellular networks. Base Transceiver station controls the cells in Global System for Mobile communication. Mobile Station is being served by each Global System for Mobile Communication cell while Base Station Controller monitors a number of Base Transceiver station. Global System for Mobile Communication network is categorized into four basic sub system which is Mobile Station, Base Station Subsystem, Core Network and External Network. Mobile Station consist of Security Information Management and terminal equipment. Base Station Subsystem consist Base Transceiver station, and Base Station Controller. Providing radio access and Core Network connection to Mobile Station is the main function of Base Station Subsystem. Core Network consist of Mobile Switching Station, Visitor Location Register, Home Location Register, Authentication Center and Operation and Maintenance Center. Main role of core network is to provide billing, transport functions, mobility management, user database such as user location and information about user and so on. External Network is where user can connect such as Public Switched Telephone Network or any other Global System for Mobile communication network. Circuit switching is used for communication in Global System for Mobile Communication networks. User start to demand for high data rates when mobile evolves. Therefore, General Packet Radio Services was introduced. General Packet Radio Services offers new services like web browsing provides packet switching hence increase data rates up to 114 kilobits per second. Enhanced Data rates for Global System for Mobile Communication Evolution is evolution of Global System for Mobile Communication after General Packet Radio Services where provides data rate up to 384 kilobits per second. Shifting the modulation of Global System for Mobile Communication from GPSK to 8PSK is the reason of this achievement. Technology Modulation Switching Method Access Scheme Data Rate (kbps) Services Global System for Mobile Communication GMSK Circuit Switching TDMA/FDD 9.6 to 14.4 Voice, short message service. General Packet Radio Services GMSK Packet Switching TDMA/FDD 115 Voice, short message service, Web Browsing Enhanced Data rates for Global System for Mobile Communication Evolution GMSK, 8PSK Packet Switching TDMA.FDD 384 Voice, short message service, web Browsing Global System for Mobile Communication overview Third Generation Partnership Project develop and maintain Universal Mobile Telecommunication System. Providing new services with better quality of services, better spectral efficiency and increasing data rates was the main aim in the Universal Mobile Telecommunication System development. Wideband Code Division Multiple Access is used as an access in Universal Mobile Telecommunication System. Bandwidth of 5 megahertz is used for downlink and uplink traffic. Universal Mobile Telecommunication System Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) is the radio access in Universal Mobile Telecommunication System which consist Radio Network Controller (RNC) and many base stations which known as NodeB. Both circuit and packet switching method is supported in Universal Mobile Telecommunication System. Packet switching is mainly for data services like file transfer, web services while circuit switching is for voice traffic. High Speed Downlink Packet Access known as HSDPA and High Speed Uplink Pack et Access in short form known as HSUPA is the evolution of Universal Mobile Telecommunication System. This Evolution focused in reducing latency, increasing system capacity and data rates. High Speed Downlink Packet Access increases downlink data rates up to 14 Mbps while High Speed Uplink Packet Access increases uplink data rates up to 5.76 Mbps. Technology Modulation Data Rates TTI Time Latency ms Advancements Universal Mobile Telecommunication System BPSK 384 kilobits per second downlink 128 kilobits per second uplink 10 ms 150 Scheduling performed by Radio Network Controller High Speed Downlink Packet Access High Speed Uplink Packet Access QPSK,16 QAM, 64 QAM QPSK 14.4 megabits per second in downlink 5.76 megabits per second in uplink 2 ms 2 ms, 10 ms 100 100 AMC,HARQ, Scheduling at NodeB, MIMO HARQ, Scheduling at NodeB Third Generation overview 2.2 Long Term Evolution Introduction The idea of Long Term Evolution was originally developed due to the need of a technology which is possible to support IP based mobile technology hence, through this, providing features same as broadband connection. The difference between third generation and Long Term Evolution is that third generation is supports both packet and circuit switched while long term evolution supports packet switched and IP based services. Long Term Evolution need to have certain requirements in order to fulfill its goals such as able to provide data rates up to 50 megabits per second for uplink and 100 megabits per second for downlink, higher capacity of need to be provided compare to High Speed Downlink Packet Access, supporting multiple frequency bands, operation need to be cost effective and so on. 2.3 Architecture of Long Term Evolution Four main domains are being used in the architecture of Long Term Evolution which is UE (User Equipment), E-UTRAN (Evolved Utran), EPC (Evolved Packet Core Network) and finally, services. A diagram is illustrated below to show how this four domains are being used in LTE architecture. LTEArchitecture 2.3.1 UE (User Equipment) Device that are being used for communication purpose by end user are called user equipment. Each device has a unique identity module called Universal Subscriber Identity Module. The module being used for identification process, authorization and security for radio transmission. Moreover, the user equipment has other functions as well, such as for an instance mobility management, UI (User Interface) between end users, but mainly it provides communication platform and communication link which can be set up, maintained or removed depending on the user need. 2.3.2 E-UTRAN (Evolved Utran) Evolved NodeB also known as eNodeB is the only existing node in Evolved UTRAN. Radio related activities in the LTE system are being performed through a radio base station located within the network through this evolved NodeB. Besides that, a path is created from the User Equipment to Evolved Packet Core Network with the help of evolved NodeB. Through this, data passing can be done within the ratio connection and IP based Evolved Packet Core Network network connections and evolved NodeB becomes a transmission point to various radio protocols pointing towards the User Equipment. After the data is relayed, Evolve Packet Core Network then performs functions such as ciphering and deciphering to the UP data. In details, activities related to managing radio resource including allocation of the resources based upon on prioritization and traffic scheduling depending on the Quality of Service requirements are also one of the responsibility held by evolved NodeB. Besides that, evolved NodeB is also held responsible for the management of mobility which includes activities such as analyzing radio signal measurements performed by the User Equipment and comes up with same measurements as well. Furthermore, evolve NodeB also handles a new users request for a new connection, the evolved NodeB will route the request to mobility management entity using the previous User Equipment that was connected earlier and if there isnt any information regarding the routing then a new mobility management entity will be selected. The User Equipment can only be connected to one evolved NodeB where else the evolved NodeB is expected to support multiple users. The handover process can be only done if an evolved NodeB is connected to its neighbor, which is another evolved NodeB. A User Equipment can be only assigned with one mobility management entity and serving gateway but multiple mobility management entity and serving gateway can be connected a certain evolved Nod eB. 2.3.3 EPC (Evolved Packet Core) Evolved Packet Core uses different kinds of elements to operate. The elements are Mobility Management Entity (MME), Packet Data Network Gateway (P-GW), Serving Gateway (S-GW) and Policy and Charging Resource Function (PCRF). Mobility management entity is the core of evolved packet core. A direct connection is established with user equipment through mobility management entity and this connection will become the main control channel for the user equipment and network. There are many activities conducted by the mobility management entity such as, authentication of the user equipment. Authorization is provided by the mobility management entity as the user equipment is being newly registered to a network. Other activities such as tracking the available user equipment in a certain area is considered to be the main function for mobility management entity and so on. Responsibility of a serving gateway is resources management and provide resource requested from mobile management entity and so on. In details, the request comes from user equipment due to modification of bearers and so on. Besides that, information passing is also done through the serving gateway which occurs among packet data network gateway and evolved NodeB. Another element that is being used is packet data network gateway. This element is being used mainly for IP allocation to the user equipment. Moreover, bearer switching is done at this element when the user equipment transferred at one serving gateway to another serving gateway at different area. Lastly, the policy and charging resource function takes the decision regarding service handling according to the quality of service. 2.3.4 Services A variation of services can be done such as operator services and so on. In order to run the services smoothly many sub systems are needed, plus logical nodes as well. 2.4 Long Term Evolution Access Scheme The access schemes are used in long term evolution can be divided into three different types which is orthogonal frequency division multiple access, single carrier frequency division multiple access and finally, multiple input and output. Each of these scheme has a certain functions and responsibility to follow. 2.4.1 OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Accesses) This scheme is used in downlink in the long term evolution. This scheme was originally modified from Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing. The difference between the modified version and original version is that, orthogonal frequency division multiple accesses allows multiple users by allocating subcarriers dynamically to a variety of users while in the original version, a signal will be divided into a number of band channels which are orthogonal to one and another and consist of different frequencies. Orthogonal frequency division multiple access is used for many reasons, one of it is compatibility. This scheme is compatible with many kind of recently developed antennas and receivers. Moreover, efficiency is another reason this scheme is chosen. Efficiency in handling many bandwidths, performance including spectral can be achieved through this scheme. Originally, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing was created in the 1950s but was not popular back then due to greatest number of systems were running on analog technology during that time which made the implementation of this scheme hard and less effective. As the era grew, the use of these scheme has increased as it was much more affordable and implementable as well for the end user due to growth of digital technologies. 2.4.2 SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access) As mentioned above, the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing is only being used for downlink in long term evolution where else for uplink the Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access will be used. This is because of multiple carrier which is being utilized in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing leading it to be less efficient especially when it comes to power consumption as power will be a serious issue in mobile devices. This problem can be avoided by the use of Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access for the uplink process. Advantages of this scheme is that it will be much more robust in contrast to multi path and hence, a low peak ranging to average is being provided. 2.4.3 MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Out) The Multiple Input Multiple Out scheme can be implemented in both downlink and uplink in long term evolution. A high data rate can be accomplished by using both Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access and Multiple Input Multiple Out as diverse subcarriers will be cast-off. Furthermore, spatial multiplexing meaning that the use of many antennas for transferring diverse data streams and signal processing on the data streams leading to an increase in the data rate is also being done in this scheme. Besides that, even additional functionality such as transmit diversity meaning that relaying the equal signals but originated from different antennas and finally, beam forming as well can be performed in this scheme. 2.5 PRB (Physical Resource Block) According to the base station scheduler, a resource block will be dispersed to the user equipment. This portion is to be considered as the smallest allocation. Moreover, depending on the bandwidth and number of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access symbols, resource grid will be created in the downlink transmission. A sole subcarrier will be symbolized in each box of the grid and called as resource element and hence automatically representing a symbol. Not only will the user data be stored in the resource grid but also reference signal as well. Resource Block Resource block which is subtypes of a resource element in Long Term Evolution network. A resource block consists many channels and different types of data flows are transferred in Long Term Evolution network. The Long Term Evolution network does not have any standard scheduling method. There are different types of method is exists in scheduling but it based on the researcher. One of the command method that been used in scheduling mechanism in Long Term Evaluation is Dynamic scheduling that used for providing Quality of service and efficiency. Dynamic scheduling is used in downlink scheduling. The purpose of the dynamic scheduling is to control the channel of some of the sign indicated. Evolved NodeB is taken the main role in downlink scheduling. As mention earlier the function has been explaining in additionally Evolved NodeB is one of the import factor for performing scheduling. Evolved NodeB is performing scheduling mechanism in Long Term Evolution network for downlink scheduling mechanism and it managed resource block in the resource elements. Nowadays many users are forwarded toward to the technology so that there were required Quality of Service to the specific application its main reason why scheduling is needed. In Long Term Evolution network have a combination of multiple single cells is connected. The user interaction is connected to the Evolved NodeB with single cell but user equipment is contained N number of members. During the process of uplink scheduling, some packet or data may be lost, one of the reason is a delay in the parameter. The delay queue packet is grouped into a single logical channel and downlink scheduling of evolved NodeB is also holding buffer. In the downlink scheduling, each buffer is related to the user equipment and the user equipment is connected to the evolved NodeB. The evolved NodeB has broadcast the specific data traffic of loaded queue. The main reason of scheduling is to increase the performance of throughput and fairness. And reduce packet loss. Scheduling algorithms for evolved NodeB is not standardized but it based on the used Quality of Service of a user; network provider or service provider is analysis the problem and identify new algorithms and solve the user problem. There different type of scheduling method exists in downlink scheduling. Although there are many algorithms had been discovered in the past yet fair scheduling and opportunistic scheduling is widely been used. Firstly, the Fair Scheduling scheme is one of the algorithm that been used for downlink scheduling it can give least data rate to every user and reduced the inertness. Fair Scheduling scheme is used in real time application for example video conference and voice over IP. Fair Scheduling scheme is functioned as least required information rate all the more successfully. Most of the scheduling algorithms are based on these key factor. Secondly Opportunistic Scheduling schema is another scheduling scheme is commonly been used in LTE networks. The Opportunistic Scheduling schema is explained that due to multiple users multiple users scattered around different location number of channel each user gets may vary. Users can experiences better productivity to correct setting of frequency and time. Multi-user can cause the problem to mobile radio channel because different user come from the various environment and they connected with each other. By utilizing multi-client differing qualities system, this radio channel trademark can be used for giving better information rates. The network provider must choose better dynamic scheduling which is included in downlink scheduling. By using the best dynamic scheduling the user can experience better performance in throughput based on the channel it can be done based on the specific spectrum. Therefore, Opportunistic Scheduling schema also have some drawbacks. The Opportunistic Scheduling scheme is not able to provide the better quality of service to the user and subsequently providing poor performance on fairness to the client. This is the reason why the multiple users are cannot transmit the data to their specific client and also another reason is their channels is not good enough. 2.6 Quality of Services in LTE As years pass by the demand for mobile usage has grown exponentially the people now are capable doing a wonderful thing through their smartphone. The advancement of technology has opened up many new applications and uses. This is the reason why people is demanding quality of service to the network provider. The Quality of Service two also deals with real time application such as voice over IP. Then it also deals with the large scale of the networks. In the long term Evaluation network channel is the mediator for the user equipment and evolved NodeB. In the Long Term Evolution network, there has logical barrier connection between two endpoints. During the data transmission between the user equipment and packet data network gateway has virtual have Transmission Control Protocol connection-oriented connection. During the data transmission between the two endpoint data link layer is involved in transporting the Quality of Services to the user. The Quality of Services can be divided into multiple traits which are bit rate, delay, and reliability. Different type of barrier is producing different kind of result for Quality of Services such as these two types of radio channel, for an example using Lee and Ali, where Lee is capable of enduring a larger packet loss and very low latency but Ali do not care regarding the low latency and hence, he is willing to receive the low latency. This example requires the two radio channel and each radio channel is configured with some packet loss and low latency based on the Quality of Service as requested by the user. There are two types of barrier in the Quality of Services in Long Term Evolution network. What is the minimum guaranteed bit rate barrier and non-guaranteed bit rate barrier? Minimum guaranteed bit rate barrier is real time application and it uses least number of information rate that should be ensured. An example of minimum guaranteed bit rate barrier is that the voice over IP, videoconference, stream gaming, streaming video and video call. Non-guaranteed bit rate barrier are used in application but it does not require specific type of bit rate. For the non-guaranteed bit rate is not specific so the bandwidth has to be set for the networks. An example for the non-guaranteed bit rate is file transfer, games and web searching, which is also known as a non-real-time application. The Quality of Services of a class identifier is represented each of the mobile network barriers which analysis by a Quality of Service characteristics. The Quality of Service of Class Identifier is possible to be divided into a standardized factor which is delay, loss rate and priority. The Quality of Service of the Channel Quality Indicator is divided into 9 Quality of Service of Class Identifier characteristics. Below the table shows the Quality of Service of Class Identifier characteristic with the attributes shown. 2.7 Radio Resource Management Therefore, in the Long Term Evolution network, architecture consist of only one node that is evolved NodeB which is intermediate between the user and the main network. Radio resource management is performing is the function on evolved NodeB. Radio resource management performing First In First Out queue method for packet scheduling. Radio resource management also interacts with downlink scheduling for packet delivery. However, the radio resource management is work with Channel Quality Indicator, transmission time travel and media access control address. 2.8 Scheduling mechanism in LTE In the Long Term Evolution network, multiple user interactions are the main function. Then, Long Term Evolution network data and packet are transferred among multiple users based on the user requirement and Quality of Service. In additionally, downlink scheduling is used metric for transmitting the data and packet. Metric is the method of calculation which priority for the resource block. The calculation is based on the data flow and the resource allocation. 2.8.1 Round robin scheduling Round Robin scheduling is mainly based on time quota. Each process is handled and entertained fairly. Round robin algorithm does not rely on the priority of each task. Round Robin algorithm is easier to implement, simpler to handler and starvation free. Each task is given a time quantum. Each process or task is terminated once the allocated time quantum expires. Round robin produces maximum minimum fairness. If the size of each packet of data equally distributes, then packet that queued longer in the waiting queue is given priority. This is not applicable for data in different sizes. Implementation of round robin algorithm results in poor throughput. This is because round robin algorithm do not consider the Channel Quality Indicator. This causes the performance of throughput drop significantly as its the quantity of bits need to be delivered is not rely with the instantaneous downlink signal to noise ratio. Round Robin is one of the mostly used algorithm in packet scheduling in most systems. Round Robin Scheduling Flow Chart 2.8.2 Best Channel Quality Indicator From the name itself we knew that this algorithm chooses the Best Channel Quality Indicator. This algorithm is primarily used to allocate resource blocks with the good radio link environments to the user. Resource block that been appointed by the algorithm comes with the highest Channel Quality Indicator in the resource block compared to other blocks. The Channel Quality Indicator will be transmitted to base station. Base station will perform the Best channel Quality Indicator. Base station will transmits the reference downlink pilot (signal) to the terminal. These downlink pilot will be utilized by the user equipment for the calculation of the Channel Quality Indicator. The higher the value of Channel Quality Indicator, the Best Channel Quality Indicator it is. The Channel Quality Indicator is a 5 bit information which ranges from 0 to 30. Terminals that located far off from the base station most unlikely will be scheduled. The Channel Quality Indicator depends on the terminals distance. The nearer it is, the higher the Channel Quality Indicator. Since this Best Channel Quality Indicator chooses the nearest terminals, it causes starvation for the other users. When comes to the throughput, the Best Channel Quality algorithm performs well. Its performance in term of fairness is really poor. Best Channel Quality Indicators Flow Chart 2.8.3 Proportional Fair Scheduling Proportional Fair is one of the famous algorithm used in scheduling mechanism. Proportional fair scheduling produces high fairness and throughput. User with the maximum priority is given the resources after the calculation of channel condition. User with fewer priority is followed then after the first one. The main focus of the Proportional Fair scheduling algorithm is to support the non-real time services in Code Division Multiple Access High Data Rate. If the scheduler allocates higher number of resources for a particular user rather than channel quality, then the Proportional Fair scheduling mechanism will be affected. Each data flow is given scheduling priority which is indirectly proportional with the estimated resource allocation. This results in maximum cell throughput and satisfactory fairness. When come to freeness, Proportional Fairness scheduling works better than Best Channel Quality Indicator and Round Robin. Although Proportional Fairness is better, yet it still not abl e to complete due to some expectations. For example, if the user become nearer to the evolve NodeB from a long distance, the sound to noise ratio will be increasing gradually (signal shadowing is ignored). Thus, the users original sound to noise ratio will always will be above the average rate. There is possibilities where user can be frequently scheduled. If the user moves farther than the evolve NodeB, then the sound to noise ratio will be lesser than average. It may causes the user to starve. 2.8.4 Modified Largest Weighted Delay First Largest Weighted Delay First algorithm is proposed packets with error rate and different delays Largest Weighted Delay First algorithm

Care of Suicidal Patient in Ed

This article Is about caring for pediatric patients who are suicidal. I believe In coincided with what we have recently been learning about during our clinical experience. I was also Interested in this article because I had worked In pediatrics for six years prior to working in a rehab/nursing home setting. After reading this article, I learned ways to carefully screen the pediatric patient, how to do an assessment and how some families act and what measures of support they need during their families time of crisis.This oracle gave a case study of a boy that was brought Into the emergency apartment with his mother and grandfather. When the nurse met him in the reception area he was sitting In a chair with his legs pulled up to his chest and his shoe laces were untied. He avoided eye contact during their meeting. The mother in the case study was visibly upset.This boy was brought to the emergency department because this young boy was found in the kitchen holding a butcher knife to his neck, when his mother walked In and got the young boy to give her the knife, Prior to this day there were many changes in the young boys life, he recently started a new school and he was diagnosed with Espalier's syndrome. This boy also had trouble making friends in his school and he was being bullied. Other children at school were threatening this boy. This story made me think of all the children that are In POEMS and how he seemed to have a lot of things In common with them. They were all in similar situations.The nurse after obtaining this history from his mother and asking about any medications, vaccinations, allergies, possible exposures to communicable diseases also needed to obtain his vital signs and head to toe assessment The young boy let the nurse do his height and weight but as soon as the nurse put the stethoscope to he boys chest he felt his heart pounding and he thought It meant he was going to die. The boy had anxiety during the assessment so the nurse stopped the a ssessment and showed what she needed to do on his mother and after the boy relaxed a little bit, he allowed the nurse to finish the assessment on him.The nurse got a one on one to stay with this patient because he was at risk for doing harm to himself. The nurse also had to obtain an EGG and urine drug screen. In our clinical setting, I have seen the urine drug screen used on every patient but not the EGG. According to this article, It Is Important to obtain a baseline EGG because many psychophysiology agents can affect the conduction system of the heart. After the boy was medically cleared, he was eligible to meet with the psychiatrist and social worker. He had to wait for the psychiatrist and he became agitated and started kicking the wall.Security had to be called Into the room and the safety door was lowered. The nurse removed their name badge and their bandage scissors as they were both safety hazards. The nurse re-entered the room keeping their pathway to the door unobstructed . All dangerous items were removed from the room. The nurse used many different techniques to deescalate the situation and used the mother to get Information of things that have worked In the past. When the boy was ready to discharge, the nurse gave them education on a safety plan the called tort keeping knives out to the boys reach and tallow up tort outpatient care.No medications were given to calm him down. The suicide rate in the entire world has increased over the past few decades with a greater number of boys attempting suicide then girls. In 2010, there was a study hat found 14% of children ages 11-20 reported having suicidal thoughts within the previous month. According to this article, Native American males have the highest suicide rate in the United States for children over 10, and non-Hispanic black females have the lowest rate.Some psychosocial risk factors include, the presence of an underlying psychiatric condition, a history of prior suicide attempts, a history of phy sical or sexual abuse, and a lack of mental health treatment. Poor coping skills have been identified as a predictive of a suicide attempt in both sexes. Environmental and social risk factors include owning a gun in the household, being homeless or living in a corrections facility or group home, poor parent-child communication, social isolation, bullying and difficulties at school.Many emergency rooms are using the five level triage classification systems called Emergency Severity Index Triage Algorithm. This takes into account not only the acuity of the patient but also the number of resources that will be required during the evaluation. A level 1 patient would require immediate life-saving intervention. A level 2 patient would be considered in the â€Å"danger zone,† and needs emergent retirement. Level 3 patients need more the 1 resource, level 4 patients require 1 resource and level 5 patients require none.At the Children's Hospital Boston, the use a screening tool that c onsists of 4 questions, â€Å"Are you here because you tried to hurt yourself? † â€Å"In the past week, have you been having thoughts about killing yourself? † â€Å"Have you ever tried to hurt yourself in the past other than this time? † â€Å"Has something very stressful happened to you in the past few weeks? † If the patient answers yes to one or more of these questions they become characterized as SSI bevel 2, and the nurse would explain the policy on physical and chemical restraints which are only used as a last resort.Some strategies that nurse's use to promote successful interactions with the patient and their family members include active listening, close observation of behavior, attending to non-verbal body language, asking open-ended questions, conveying a non-judgmental attitude, clarifying information, and providing support. The patient's safety is always the greatest concern as well as the staffs safety. Family education is very important wh en working with suicidal patients, because heir care is often managed at home.It is important for them to follow up with outpatient care, outpatient psychiatric support, and a home safety plan. Also, the nurse needs to let the family know if when they will need to seek emergency care again. This article has helped me gain a better understanding of the psychiatric patient, no matter the age, even though it focused on pediatrics. All these techniques can be used when dealing with suicidal patients. Our role as nurse's plays an important role in managing our patient's care while they are in our care and promoting their health y educating our patients and their families.